As a material, carbon fiber has fundamentally changed many of the products we use every day, making them lighter, stronger and more durable. The manufacturing process is typically unique to each supplier and it can be as complex as the fiber molecules themselves. Equally as challenging are the air pollution control systems used on the production equipment. This year, two institutions have rolled out new processing techniques that utilize different, yet highly effective air pollution abatement technologies that also drive down production costs.

When the first conversion plants came online, operating costs were not critical design parameters and neither were the environmental effects of production. Today, the manufacturing of carbon fiber is heavily regulated by the environmental community and producers are continually looking to reduce energy demands of this heat intensive process. The oxidation and carbonization furnaces and industrial ovens have the potential to emit hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ammonia (NH3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Some of these pollutants are immediately dangerous to human health, even in very small quantities. Other pollutants of concern for carbon fiber producers include harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOX). These emissions not only contribute to global warming but also have a direct correlation with the manufacturer’s consumption of energy.

Recycling at the Forefront

The strength, durability and light-weight characteristics of carbon fiber make it perfect for many manufactured products like airplanes and automobiles. However, most waste ends up in landfills where those same attributes do not allow the carbon fiber to break down like other organic material. A major university has opened a new, state of-the-art facility dedicated to the reuse of this valuable resource.

In conjunction with industry partners, they have developed a pilot scale carbon fiber recycling plant. The team set out to develop and commercialize recycled fiber that maintains the material strength at a cost-savings to manufacturers using carbon fiber in their products. The result was a lightweight, low cost material made from recycled carbon fiber that gives users a competitive advantage over virgin carbon fiber.

The university knew that an air pollution control device would be necessary to meet the local emission requirements for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia (NH3). They also realized that there was the potential to reuse some of the energy released during the combustion of these carbon fiber processing emissions.

Anguil Environmental Systems (Anguil) was selected to provide the air pollution control system. Their experience with similar applications and ability to make a custom designed system to meet the unique needs of this pilot-scale recycling facility were the primary determining factors. Anguil manufactured, installed and recently brought online a Thermal Recuperative Oxidizer with dual heat recovery.

A metallic heat exchanger within the oxidizer reduces the amount of supplemental fuel required to bring the process emissions up to combustion temperatures. In addition, a secondary heat recovery system downstream of the oxidizer captures nearly all of the remaining heat for process heating needs. The extremely efficient system drastically reduces the operating costs of the carbon fiber manufacturing process. In addition, the Anguil oxidizer has been achieving over 99% destruction rate efficiency.

A Technology Transfer in the United States

Recognizing the need for this industry to develop a lower cost carbon fiber material, The United States Department of Energy built a custom designed conversion process at Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL). The process equipment, designed by Harper International, makes this one of the most sophisticated and capable facilities in the industry. The carbon fiber technology line in Oakridge, Tennessee allows commercial partners to test the scalability of emerging carbon composite materials before commercial production.

To treat the exhaust streams coming from the carbon fiber process, Anguil Environmental Systems was commissioned to design, manufacture and install a multi-stage Direct Fired Thermal Oxidizer (DFTO). The abatement system is capable of destroying nitrogen compounds without the formation of NOX which is a typical by-product in conventional oxidation processes. Gases move through zones within the DFTO under varying conditions where the total emission destruction efficiencies are over 99% with minimal NOX generation.

Even though this application does not warrant additional NOX reduction, the Anguil DFTO has the capability of adding Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SCNR) to further reduce the environmental impact.

Anguil Environmental is a system provider of air pollution control and energy recovery solutions. We are intimately familiar with the capture, control and compliance hurdles of the carbon fiber industry. View our Carbon Fiber page for more information.

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